Sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemias are chronic hemolytic diseases that may induce three types of acute accidents: severe anemia, severe bacterial infections, and ischemic vasoocclusive accidents (VOA) caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells obstructing small blood vessels and capillaries. Many diverse complications can occur.

Cough

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation.


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PMID (PMCID)
7133823
 MALE Child
Multiple microaerophilic streptococcal lung abscesses after orthodontic treatment.
Stern RC, Berkowitz RJ, Shurin SB, Sorensen RU, Haaga JR.
Pediatrics. 1982;70(5):722-4.
When a rubber dam cannot be used, as with orthodontic treatment, physicians should advise patients who are at risk for developing pulmonary infection (eg, patients with neuromuscular diseases which compromise cough and/or gag, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, primary immunodeficiency, etc) to have this dental work, including orthodontic treatment, performed in the erect position.