Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cardiac malformation that consists of an interventricular communication, also known as a ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, override of the ventricular septum by the aortic root, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Choanal stenosis

Abnormal narrowing of the choana (the posterior nasal aperture).


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PMID (PMCID)
12838563
 FEMALE Infant, Newborn
Johnson-McMillin syndrome, a neuroectodermal syndrome with conductive hearing loss and microtia: report of a new case.
Schweitzer DN, Yano S, Earl DL, Graham JM Jr.
Am J Med Genet A. 2003;120A(3):400-5.
She presented with intrauterine growth deficiency, microcephaly, alopecia, bilateral microtia with canal atresia, conductive hearing loss, partial left facial palsy, posterior cleft palate, left choanal stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, developmental delay, and right thumb polydactyly.
835665
 MALE Infant, Newborn
Anophthalmos in an infant with multiple congenital anomalies.
Sassani JW.
Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;83(1):43-8.
The infant had multiple congenital anomalies including esophageal atresia, choanal stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, persistent left superior vena cava, arhinencephaly, retardation of myelination in the brain, cerebellar sclerosis, and dysplasias, as well as other developmental anomalies of the central nervous system.